Our experts held seminars in Kazakhstan on freedom of expression and hate speech on Internet

To use definitions correctly, it is necessary to update editorial guidelines and compile a list of terms for reporting on Afghan issues.

More precise terminology is necessary to create a balanced and impartial narrative when describing events related to Afghanistan.

What Events Should I Select for Reporting?

The most suitable topics may include:

• Joint infrastructure projects and trade cooperation, such as the $4.8 billion Trans-Afghan Corridor railway linking Uzbekistan to Pakistan and passing through Afghanistan; building trade relations through joint business forums; new logistics routes from Turkmenistan to Afghanistan, including the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline.
• Energy exports, as Afghanistan is highly dependent on electricity imports from Central Asia, which accounts for 80% of the country’s annual electricity consumption; vulnerability of the energy system due to population growth and needs.
• Joint water use and risks. Afghanistan has already launched the second phase of the Qosh Tepa Canal construction, which diverts water from the Amu Darya River in Uzbekistan. After its construction, according to some experts’ estimates, Afghanistan will receive at least one-third of the Amu Darya water, leaving several regions of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan facing serious water shortages.
• Climate change and its impact on Central Asia and Afghanistan; irrigation water losses and disaster risk.
• Security issues, countering terrorism and drug trafficking.
• Humanitarian aid and sport.

Human Rights and Other Sensitive Topics

Many media avoid reporting on this sensitive issue amid Central Asian countries’ selective cooperation with Afghanistan. However, reporting on human rights violations is a journalist’s ethical obligation.

The exclusion of women and girls from education and employment opportunities, as well as from public spaces, continues in Afghanistan. Extreme forms of violence occur. In addition to forced early marriages and sexual violence, the Taliban has adopted a decree on public flogging and stoning women to death.

The UN Women estimates that since the Taliban came to power, they have adopted 70 documents restricting women’s rights and freedoms. Such policy is carried out with no regard for the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which Afghanistan ratified in 2003.

At the end of August 2024, the law on ‘Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice’ was announced by the de facto authorities, which prohibits women from saying anything out loud in public and demonstrating their faces outside the house. This law cements policies that completely erase women’s presence in public – depriving them of their autonomy, attempting to render them into faceless, voiceless shadows.

Pay attention to the following topics:

• Gender segregation in Afghanistan. Look up the reports of international human rights organisations; they include many facts that can be used to explain the story. For example, the Amnesty International report or the Freedom in the World-2024 annual report, which ranked Afghanistan the 1st in the "Worst of the Worst” group. Read the European Parliament resolution condemning the treatment of women in Afghanistan under Taliban rule and calling for the recognition of "gender apartheid” as a crime against humanity.
• Gender discrimination, inequality, violence, restrictions on the right to work, education, and freedom of movement; women’s mental health crisis due to constant fear and isolation. Girls are forbidden to attend schools after the 6th grade and to study at universities; women have been excluded from almost all spheres. Other regulations prohibit them from visiting parks, public baths, gyms, and beauty parlours. A minimal number of women remain employed at junior schools and women’s hospitals.
• Ethnic discrimination and lack of an inclusive government that includes representatives of all ethnic groups living in Afghanistan. The establishment of an inclusive government during the intra-Afghan negotiations was one of the conditions of the US-Taliban Peace Deal signed in 2020. The discontent of different ethnic groups, from which discrimination arises, is centred on political participation issues. If an inclusive government was established, minorities would feel more secure. However, this condition has not been fulfilled. For example, in December 2021, representatives of ethnic Uzbeks and Turkmens living in Northern Afghanistan complained to the media that the Taliban who came to power had seized the houses and land their communities owned.
• Even if you are writing about the economy, insert the facts into the context, reinforce the background with references to the critical human rights situation in this country. Explore the latest Afghanistan Independent Assessment requested by the UN Security Council resolution 2679 (2023), and its recommendations. It provides four general recommendations, including paying greater international attention and cooperation on issues that affect regional and global security and stability. In addition, the creation of a roadmap for political engagement aimed at Afghanistan’s full reintegration into the international community in line with its international obligations. 1

Use Teamwork to Prepare the Material

Teamwork and cross-border reporting are great methods to gather information from different sides. Create a team of journalists and experts from several countries, including Afghanistan. Identify the topic and the person responsible for finalising the gathered information.

Citations, Statistics, and Online Resources

To keep up to date, create a similar list of Afghan media and keep track of the information. Pay attention to Afghan media amu.tv, which is based abroad. It has a separate constantly updated section on cooperation with Central Asia.

When reporting on violations of women’s rights and violence against women, in addition to using international reports, monitor incidents of gender discrimination on Rukhshana.media. This is an Afghan women’s media organisation created in memory of Rukhshana, a young woman stoned to death in Ghor province for running away after a forced marriage.

Be careful with citations. If you are going to use official press releases, it will be necessary to give some explanation in brackets after phrases such as ‘Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan’ (note: This is the title of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan used by the de facto authorities since 2021), etc. The same should be considered when republishing materials from Afghan official media. If you use Russian-language versions of Afghan websites, it is worth double-checking the information several times, as problems with translation accuracy are common.

If references to Afghan statistics are needed, you can use data from the National Statistics and Information Authority (NSIA). However, there is no comprehensive information available. There is a lack of data on the ethnic composition of the population. This problem dates to 1979, the last time a population census was conducted. After a failed attempt in 2008, another census began in 2013 and was expected to be completed in six years. According to the Minority Rights Group, it was decided that the census would not include questions on language or ethnic background for fear that the results would be too politicised and lead to another failed census. However, the census was never completed.

What Background Information Should Be Used?

Reports on issues in Afghanistan should always contain background information to better explain to the audience what is happening. Since the Central Asian aspect is more focused on the events after August 2021, it is necessary to mention the process of peace negotiations in Afghanistan, why all the conditions of the Peace Deal were not fulfilled, and how the society lived before that.

For example: "De facto authorities came to power in Kabul after the previous Afghan government led by President Ashraf Ghani collapsed amid the US troops withdrawal from the country in August 2021. Earlier, in February 2020, a Peace Deal was signed between the US and the Taliban in Doha (Qatar) after more than eighteen years. The Deal addressed a reduction in violence, withdrawal of foreign troops, the start of intra-Afghan negotiations, and guarantees that Afghanistan won’t again become a refuge for terrorists. However, the Taliban failed to fulfil several conditions of the Peace Deal. The Taliban was formed in Pakistan in the 1990s after the Soviet Union’s troops withdrew from Afghanistan. Many of its early militants were trained in Pakistani madrassas. After NATO troops’ deployment, Pakistan gave the Taliban refuge”.

Such background can be shorter or longer according to the topic you are reporting on.

If the material is to cover the state structure of Afghanistan, the focus should be on comparing the Constitution of the country legally in force since 2004 with the draft Constitution that de facto authorities proposed and then abandoned.

It is also important to note that Afghanistan is a party to several international conventions, such as the Convention Against Torture and Other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment (1984), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979), the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (1965), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006). In addition, the country ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture (2002), the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (2000), the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography (2000). Explore the report describing the impact of the situation on human rights.

It is necessary to use the links to these documents in the context of human rights reporting.

Visual Design of the Materials

When using visuals, such as illustrative photos or collages, it is important to consider the nuances of traditional dress that identify different groups. If you want to show a group of Afghan men wearing dastmols (Persian: دستمال) – traditional headscarves, you need to know that these are most often soft-textured, black, grey, white, brown, mixed tones of these colours, or brown and turquoise scarves in a checked pattern.

The group of people from the de facto government can be identified by the white or black turbans on their heads. If it is not possible to find original photos, search for such illustrations.

A man wearing a red and white chequered scarf of hard texture represents Arabic or Middle Eastern style and the use of such an illustration would be wrong.

When designing visuals for the material on women’s issues, it is correct to refer to a woman’s head and face garment in the Afghan dialect as chodari (Persian: چادری) rather than burqa. It is most often a blue-coloured garment, but other colours are also found.

1. Afghanistan is a party to UN Conventions: the Convention Against Torture and Other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment (1984), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979), the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (1965), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006). In addition, the country ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture (2002), the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (2000), the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography (2000).

1. Inga Sikorskaia is a Program Director of the School of Peacemaking and Media Technology in Central Asia, the author of several methodological guidelines for the media, and professional journalist. She has covered events in conflict zones, including Afghanistan, and worked as a chief editor for IWPR for more than 7 years. She conducts research and training on conflict and peace journalism.